Verb Forms (V1–V5) — Test Set 3

(c) She lay on the bed for an hour.
‘Lie’ (to recline) is an intransitive verb with irregular forms: V1 = lie, V2 = lay, V3 = lain, V4 = lying, V5 = lies. Option (a) uses ‘lied’, which is V2 of ‘lie’ meaning ‘to tell an untruth’. Option (b) uses ‘laid’, which is V2 of ‘lay’ (to place something). Option (d) uses V3 where V2 is needed.

(b) The picture was hung on the wall. / The criminal was hanged.
‘Hang’ has two sets of V2/V3 forms depending on meaning:
• hang–hung–hung = to suspend an object (irregular)
• hang–hanged–hanged = to execute by hanging (regular)
This is one of the rare verbs where meaning determines whether it is regular or irregular.

(b) shut — V1 = shut, V2 = shut, V3 = shut. All three forms are identical.
• ‘bring’ has bring–brought–brought (V2 and V3 differ from V1)
• ‘sing’ has sing–sang–sung (all three are different)
• ‘break’ has break–broke–broken (all three are different)

(b) goes
V5 is the third person singular present form. For verbs ending in ‘-o’, we add ‘-es’: go → goes. Similarly: do → does. This is a spelling exception — most verbs simply add ‘-s’, but verbs ending in -o, -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z add ‘-es’.

(c) ‘Rise’ is intransitive: V1-rise, V2-rose, V3-risen. ‘Raise’ is transitive: V1-raise, V2-raised, V3-raised.
• Rise (intransitive — no object): The sun rises. The sun rose. The sun has risen.
• Raise (transitive — needs an object): She raises the flag. She raised the flag. She has raised the flag.
‘Rise’ is irregular; ‘raise’ is regular.

(a) The sun has risen in the east… — V3 (past participle) is needed after ‘has’. ‘Rised’ does not exist; ‘rise’ is irregular: rise–rose–risen. [½ mark]
(b) She sat on the bench… — V2 (simple past). ‘Sitted’ does not exist; ‘sit’ is irregular: sit–sat–sat. [½ mark]
(c) The workers have built a new bridge… — V3 (past participle). ‘Builded’ is incorrect; ‘build’ is irregular: build–built–built. [½ mark]
(d) He has taken the medicine… — V3 (past participle) is needed after ‘has’. ‘Took’ is V2; ‘taken’ is V3. take–took–taken. [½ mark]

V1 (Base)	V2 (Past)	V3 (Past Part.)	V4 (-ing)	V5 (-s/-es)
freeze	froze	frozen	freezing	freezes
bear	bore	borne/born	bearing	bears
slay	slew	slain	slaying	slays
shear	sheared	shorn/sheared	shearing	shears

[½ mark per correctly completed row]

(a) The lake has frozen completely this winter. [V3 — past participle after ‘has’] [½ mark]
(b) She sits quietly in the corner every morning. [V5 — third person singular present, add -s] [½ mark]
(c) The child was lying on the grass when it started raining. [V4 — present participle; note: lie → lying (drop ‘ie’, add ‘-ying’)] [½ mark]
(d) They laid the foundation stone of the school yesterday. [V2 — past simple of ‘lay’ (to place); lay–laid–laid] [½ mark]

(a) written = V3 (past participle, used in passive voice ‘having been written’) [½ mark]
(b) swims = V5 (third person singular present — ‘She swims’); watches = V5 (third person singular present — ‘brother watches’) [½ mark each, total 1 mark]
(c) flown = V3 (past participle after ‘had’, past perfect tense); struck = V2 (simple past tense) [½ mark]

(a) Please lie down if you are feeling tired. — ‘Lay’ means ‘to place something’ (transitive, needs an object). ‘Lie’ means ‘to recline’ (intransitive, no object needed). Since there is no object here, use ‘lie’. [½ mark]
(b) The government decided to raise the price of petrol. — ‘Rise’ is intransitive (no object). ‘Raise’ is transitive and takes ‘the price’ as an object. [½ mark]
(c) The hen is sitting on its eggs. — ‘Set’ means ‘to place or arrange’ (transitive). ‘Sit’ means ‘to be seated’ (intransitive). The hen is not placing itself; it is seated on the eggs. [½ mark]
(d) He sat in his chair all afternoon. — ‘Set’ means ‘to put/place’ (transitive, needs an object). ‘Sat’ is V2 of ‘sit’ (intransitive — no object needed). [½ mark]

Sample paragraph:
I love to write [V1] stories in my notebook. Yesterday, I wrote [V2] a story about a brave knight. My teacher said the essay was well written [V3]. Right now, I am writing [V4] a poem for the school magazine. My sister also writes [V5] poems, and she is very talented.

[1 mark for correctly using all 5 forms; 1 mark for correct labelling and meaningful paragraph]

Explanation: Verbs like ‘cut’, ‘put’, ‘shut’, and ‘set’ have identical V1, V2, and V3 forms. These are called invariable irregular verbs. This happens because their stems already end in ‘-t’ or ‘-d’ sounds, which are the typical past tense ending sounds. Since adding ‘-ed’ would be redundant or awkward, English kept them unchanged. [1 mark]

Two more examples: ‘hit’ and ‘cost’
• V2: I hit the ball yesterday. V3: The ball was hit out of the park. (Context: ‘yesterday’ signals V2; ‘was’ + participle signals V3)
• V2: The book cost me fifty rupees last year. V3: This has cost us dearly. (Context: ‘last year’ signals V2; ‘has’ + participle signals V3) [1 mark]

Group 1 pattern: i → a → u (vowel change in all three forms)
sing–sang–sung: The middle vowel changes from ‘i’ to ‘a’ to ‘u’. All three forms are different. This is called ablaut or vowel gradation. [⅔ mark]

Group 2 pattern: V2 = V3, both end in ‘-ought/-aught’
teach–taught–taught: V1 is different, but V2 and V3 are identical. The stem changes to an ‘-aught/-ought’ ending. These verbs have only two distinct forms. [⅔ mark]

Group 3 pattern: ‘-ow/-ew/-own’ (V1 ends in -ow, V2 changes to -ew, V3 adds -n)
blow–blew–blown: V1 ends in ‘-ow’, V2 changes the vowel to ‘-ew’, and V3 returns closer to V1 but adds ‘-n’. All three forms are different but follow a consistent pattern. [⅔ mark]

Verb ‘go’ (go–went–gone):
• V2: She went to the market. (Simple past — the action is complete, happened at a specific time in the past) [½ mark]
• V3: She has gone to the market. (Present perfect — the action has relevance to the present; she is still there) [½ mark]

Verb ‘eat’ (eat–ate–eaten):
• V2: He ate lunch an hour ago. (Simple past — completed action at a specific past time) [½ mark]
• V3: He has already eaten lunch. (Present perfect — the action is recently completed and affects the present; he is not hungry now) [½ mark]

The key difference: V2 (simple past) tells when something happened; V3 with ‘has/have’ (present perfect) tells us the action’s result is still relevant.

Verb in Passage	V-form	Reason
wakes	V5	Third person singular present (Ravi wakes)
woke	V2	Simple past (yesterday he woke); wake–woke–woken
forgotten	V3	Past participle after ‘had’ (past perfect); forget–forgot–forgotten
rushing	V4	Present participle (was rushing — past continuous)
slipped	V2	Simple past; slip–slipped–slipped (regular)
tells	V5	Third person singular present (mother tells)
listens	V5	Third person singular present (he never listens)
reached	V2	Simple past; reach–reached–reached (regular)
begun	V3	Past participle after ‘had’ (past perfect); begin–began–begun

[1 mark for correctly identifying at least 7 verb forms; 1 mark for all 9 correct with reasons]